Evanescent Waves

I. The Evanescent Field.- 1. Total Internal Reflection.- 1.1 The Electromagnetic Field at Total Internal Reflection.- 1.1.1 Snell’s Law.- 1.1.2 Analysis of Total Internal Reflection on the Basis of Maxwell’s Equations.- 1.1.3 Components of the Electric Field in the Second Medium in the z = 0 Plane.- 1.2 Flux of the Poynting Vector Associated with the Evanescent Field.- 1.3 Shifts of the Beams at Total Internal Reflection.- 1.4 Frustrated Total Internal Reflection.- 1.5 Resonant Tunneling Effect.- 1.6 Conclusion.- 2. Diffraction from an Aperture and Dipolar Radiation.- 2.1 Analysis of the Propagation of Light Through an Aperture.- 2.2 Diffraction of Light from a Circular Aperture.- 2.2.1 Diffraction from an Aperture in an Infinitely Thin Plane.- 2.2.2 Diffraction from a Circular Aperture in a Thick Screen.- 2.3 Coupling Between Several Apertures.- 2.4 Dipolar Emission.- 2.4.1 Expression of the Dipolar Field.- 2.4.2 Energy Emitted by a Dipole.- 2.5 Dipolar Emission in the Vicinity of a Surface.- 2.6 Conclusion.- 3. The Evanescent Field in Guided Optics.- 3.1 The Evanescent Field in Planar Optics.- 3.1.1 Analysis of Planar Waveguides.- 3.1.2 Production of Step-Index Planar Waveguides.- 3.2 Confined Waveguides.- 3.3 Optical Fibers.- 3.3.1 Ray-Optical Analysis of the Propagation in Optical Fibers.- 3.3.2 Modes of Step-Index Fibers.- 3.3.3 Modes of Inner-Cladding Fibers.- 3.3.4 Modes of Annular-Core Fibers.- 3.3.5 Modes of Graded-Index Fibers.- 3.3.6 Modes of Polarization-Preserving Fibers.- 3.4 Whispering-Gallery Modes.- 3.5 Band-Gap Photonics Waveguides.- 3.6 Conclusion.- Conclusion of Part I.- II. Delocalized Interaction with the Evanescent Field.- 4. Evanescent-Field Optical-Fiber Couplers.- 4.1 Types of Couplers.- 4.2 Fabrication Techniques of Evanescent-Field Fiber-Optic Couplers.- 4.2.1 Twist-Etched Fiber Couplers.- 4.2.2 Mechanically Polished Fiber Couplers.- 4.2.3 Fused-Tapered Fiber Couplers.- 4.2.4 Comparison Between the Different Types of Couplers.- 4.3 Analysis of the Coupling.- 4.3.1 Coupled Power Between Two Parallel Uniform Fibers.- 4.3.2 Step-Index Fibers.- 4.3.3 Inner-Cladding Fibers.- 4.3.4 Variable-Diameter Couplers.- 4.4 Spectral Filters and Spectral Multiplexers.- 4.5 Polarization Splitters.- 4.6 Production of Modal Filters.- 4.7 Devices Produced from Evanescent-Field Couplers.- 4.7.1 Optical-Fiber Gyroscope.- 4.7.2 Fiber Lasers.- 4.8 Conclusion.- 5. Integrated-Optical Evanescent-Field Couplers.- 5.1 Description of Integrated-Optical Couplers.- 5.2 Analysis of the Coupling Between Two Waveguides.- 5.3 Active Couplers.- 5.4 Coupling from a Fiber to a Planar Waveguide.- 5.5 Integration of a Waveguide and a Photodiode.- 5.6 Conclusion.- 6. Evanescent-Field Waveguide Sensors.- 6.1 General Points on Sensors.- 6.2 Fiber-Optic Sensors.- 6.2.1 Monitoring of a Chemical Reaction by Fluorescence Detection.- 6.3 Integrated-Optical Sensors.- 6.3.1 Analysis of the Sensitivity of Integrated-Optical Sensors.- 6.3.2 Creating the Sensing Region.- 6.3.3 Evanescent-Field Interferometric Sensors.- 6.3.4 Amplification of the Evanescent Field by a Multilayered System and Applications to Biosensors.- 6.4 Conclusion.- 7. Internal-Reflection Spectroscopy.- 7.1 Effect of Index Variations on Total Internal Reflection.- 7.1.1 Effective Thickness.- 7.1.2 Measurement of the Dielectric Constants in an Arbitrary Medium.- 7.2 Spectroscopy Devices Based on Total Internal Reflection.- 7.2.1 Description of Different Systems Generating Total Internal Reflection.- 7.2.2 Description of Internal-Reflection Spectroscopes.- 7.2.3 Quality of the Reflective Element.- 7.2.4 Constraints in the Preparation of the Samples.- 7.3 Atom Spectroscopy in the Vicinity of Interfaces.- 7.4 Conclusion.- 8. Evanescent-Wave Atom Optics.- 8.1 Atomic Interferences.- 8.2 Reflection of Atoms.- 8.3 Deflection of Atoms.- 8.3.1 Deflection Based on the Use of Evanescent Waves Generated at Total Internal Reflection.- 8.3.2 Deflection Based on the Use of the Evanescent Field of Whispering-Gallery Modes of a Sphere.- 8.4 Atom Guiding.- 8.5 Conclusion.- 9. Dark-Field Microscopy and Photon Tunneling Microscopy.- 9.1 Dark-Field Microscopy.- 9.1.1 Basic Principles.- 9.1.2 Description of the Dark-Field Microscope.- 9.1.3 Comparison between Dark-Field and Bright-Field Images.- 9.1.4 Dark-Field Microscopy and Fluorescence.- 9.2 Photon Tunneling Microscopy.- 9.3 Conclusion.- Conclusion of Part II.- III. Localized Interaction with the Evanescent Field.- 10. Scanning Tunneling Optical Microscopy.- 10.1 Fundamental Principles of the Scanning Tunneling Optical Microscope.- 10.2 Detection of the Near-Field in the Vicinity of a Plane Surface.- 10.3 Early Results in Scanning Tunneling Microscopy.- 10.4 Near-Field Study of Homogeneous Samples.- 10.4.1 Effects of the Polarization and Orientation of the Source.- 10.4.2 Effect of the Distance Between the Probe and the Surface.- 10.4.3 Effect of the Coherence of the Source.- 10.4.4 Effect of the Wavelength.- 10.4.5 Effect of the Probe.- 10.5 Near-Field Study of Non-Homogeneous Samples.- 10.6 Near-Field Study of Optical Waveguides.- 10.6.1 Observation of the Index Variations of a Waveguide.- 10.6.2 Detection of the Evanescent Field of Guided Modes.- 10.6.3 Near-Field Analysis of the Structure of Guided Modes.- 10.7 Local Near-Field Spectroscopies.- 10.8 Photon Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Fluorescence.- 10.9 Near-Field Study of Surface Plasmons.- 10.10 Conclusion.- 11. Micro-Aperture Microscopy.- 11.1 Fundamental Principles of the Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscope.- 11.2 The Breaking of the Rayleigh Limit on Resolution for Microwave and Optical Frequencies.- 11.3 Description of the Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscope.- 11.4 Effects of the Physical Parameters on the Formation of the Images.- 11.4.1 Effect of the Polarization.- 11.4.2 Effect of the Wavelength.- 11.4.3 Effect of the Coherence of the Source.- 11.4.4 Effect of the Distance Between the Probe and the Surface.- 11.5 Local Fluorescence Detection.- 11.6 Near-Field Optics and Photolithography.- 11.7 Conclusion.- 12. Apertureless Microscopies.- 12.1 Near-Field Optical Microscope Based on the Local Perturbation of a Diffraction Spot.- 12.2 Scanning Interferometric Apertureless Microscope.- 12.3 Tetrahedral Probe Microscope.- 12.4 Local Probe Microscope Derived from the PSTM.- 12.5 Radiation Pressure Scanning Microscope.- 12.6 Conclusion.- Conclusion of Part III.- References.