Cyclic β-Glucans from Microorganisms

<p>1. Introduction</p><p>1.1. History of polysaccharides from bacteria</p><p>1.2. Cyclic β-glucans</p><p>1.3. α-cyclic glucan</p><p>1.4. Linear glucans</p><p>1.5. Cyclodextrins</p><p> </p><p>2. Applications of cyclic β-glucans</p><p>2.1. In food </p><p>2.2. Medical technology</p><p>2.3. As wound dressing material</p><p>2.4. Microparticulate form of β-glucan for pharmaceutical application</p><p>2.5. Synthesis of selenium nanowires</p><p>2.6. Drug delivery </p><p>2.7. Enantiomeric seperator</p><p>2.8. In chiral technology</p><p>2.9. Chiral Stationary Phase  </p><p>2.10. Carboxymethylated cyclic- β-glucans as enantiomeric separators</p><p>2.11. Inclusion complexes</p><p>2.12. β-D-Glucans complexation with Zearalenone</p><p>2.13. Inclusion complex with Paclitaxel</p><p>2.14. Inclusion complexation with a plant flavonoid luteolin</p><p>2.15. Inclusion complexation with naproxen</p><p>2.16. Functionalized β-1, 3-Glucan in carbon nanotube</p><p>2.17. Application of cyclic β-(1, 3),(1, 6)-glucans in chiral technology</p><p> </p><p>3. Properties of cyclic glucans</p><p>3.1. Structure</p><p>3.2. Molecular biological function of β-Glucans in immunity</p><p>3.2.1 The β-Glucan receptor - Dectin-1</p><p>3.3. Complex forming ability</p><p>3.4. Cytotoxicity of cyclic β-glucan</p><p> </p><p>4. Analytical tools for the characterization cyclic β-glucan</p><p>4.1. Silica gel thin-layer chromatography (TLC)</p><p>4.2. Degree of polymerization </p><p>4.3. Compositional analysis of periplasmic glucan</p><p>4.4. Glycosidic - linkage analysis</p><p>4.5. Arrangement of linkages</p><p>4.6. Protons and carbons in glucan</p><p>4.7. Molecular weight</p><p>4.8. Functional groups in cyclic β-glucans</p><p>4.9. Supramolecular structure</p><p>4.10. Separation of mixture of cyclic-β- glucan in HPLC</p><p>4.11. CHN analysis </p><p> </p><p>5. Production of Cyclic β-glucans</p><p>5.1. Osmolarity condition </p><p>5.2. Media details </p><p>5.3. Optimization of medium with mannitol</p><p>5.4. Effect of media components and operating conditions </p><p>5.4.1. Carbon </p><p>5.4.2. Nitrogen </p><p>5.4.3. Temperature</p><p>5.4.4. Salt and pH </p><p> </p><p>6. Extraction and purification of cyclic β- glucan </p><p>6.1. Extraction of cyclic β- glucan from culture filtrate</p><p>6.2. Isolation and purification of osmoregulated periplasmic glucans </p><p>6.3. Isolation and purification of algal cyclic glucans</p><p>6.4. Purification of cyclic glucan from yeast</p><p>6.5. Purification using column chromatography </p><p> </p><p>7. Mechanism of cyclic β-glucans production</p><p>7.1. Genes responsible for synthesis of cyclic β-(1, 2)-glucan in Rhizobiaceae and Agrobacteriaceae</p><p>7. 1.2. Genes for cyclic β-(1,3)</p><p>7. 1.3. Genes for cyclic β-(1,3)-(1,6)-glucan</p><p>7. 1. 4. Genes for cyclic β-(1,6)-(1,3)-glucan</p><p>7. 2. Genes of periplasmic glucans (PGs) of the Proteobacteria</p><p>7.3. Metabolic pathway of carbohydrate metabolism         </p><p>7.4. Enzymes involved in Cyclic β- (1,2)-glucan synthesis</p><p>7.4.1. Cyclic β-glucan synthase (Cβgs)</p><p>7.4.2. β- (1, 3), β-(1,6)-(1,3) and β-(1,3)-(1,6) glucosyltransferase</p><p>7.4.3. Enzymes involved in β-glucan degradation</p><p> </p><p>8. Conclusions</p><p> </p><p>