Materials for High Temperature Engineering Applications

1 Introduction.- 1.1 Need for High Temperature Materials.- 1.2 High Temperature Materials.- 1.3 Historical Development of High Temperature Materials ....- 2 Design and Manufacture.- 2.1 Plant Design and Material Selection.- 2.2 Component Manufacture.- 2.3 Process Models.- 2.4 Component Life Extension.- 3 Requirements of High Temperature Materials.- 3.1 Environmental Resistance.- 3.1.1 Oxidation.- 3.1.2 Sulphidation.- 3.1.3 Salt- and Ash-Deposit Corrosion.- 3.1.4 Carburisation.- 3.2 Erosion.- 3.3 Wear.- 3.4 Mechanical Behaviour.- 3.4.1 Zero Time Deformation.- 3.4.2 Creep.- 3.4.3 Mechanical Fatigue.- 3.4.4 Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue.- 3.4.5 Corrosion-Fatigue.- 3.5 Physical Properties.- 4 Increasing Temperature Capability.- 4.1 Metallic Materials.- 4.1.1 Solid Solution Strengthening.- 4.1.2 Precipitation Strengthening.- 4.1.3 Dispersion Strengthening.- 4.1.4 Grain Size and Grain Boundary Effects.- 4.1.5 Environmental Resistance.- 4.2 Ceramic Materials.- 4.2.1 Phase Control.- 4.2.2 Defect Tolerance.- 4.2.3 Thermal Shock Resistance.- 4.3 Composite Materials.- 5 Steels.- 5.1 Ferritic Heat Resistant Materials.- 5.2 Creep Resisting Martensitic Steels.- 5.3 Austenitic Steels.- 5.3.1 Corrosion Resistant Austenitic Steels.- 5.3.2 High Strength Austenitic Steels.- 5.4 Controlled Transformation Stainless Steels.- 6 Cast Iron.- 6.1 Grey Cast Irons.- 6.2 Spheroidal Graphite Irons.- 6.3 Austenitic Irons.- 7 Nickel Alloys.- 7.1 Oxidation and Corrosion Resistant Nickel Alloys.- 7.2 Nickel Superalloys.- 7.2.1 Alloy Composition-Dominated Developments.- 7.2.2 Developments Dependent on Process and Alloy Composition.- 7.2.3 Process Dominated Developments.- 8 Cobalt Alloys.- 9 Refractory Metals.- 10 Titanium.- 10.1 Production.- 10.2 Alloys.- 10.3 Component Manufacture.- 11 Intermetallic Materials.- 11.1 Titanium Aluminides.- 11.2 Nickel Aluminides.- 11.3 Iron Aluminides.- 11.4 Speculative Intermetallics.- 12 Cermets.- 12.1 Cemented Carbide Cutting Tools.- 12.2 Wear Resistant Coatings.- 13 Refractories and Insulating Materials.- 14 Engineering Ceramics.- 14.1 Manufacture.- 14.2 Properties.- 14.3 Alumina.- 14.4 Zirconia.- 14.5 Silicon Carbide.- 14.6 Silicon Nitride.- 14.7 Glass Ceramics.- 15 High Temperature Composite Materials.- 15.1 Metal Matrix Composites.- 15.2 Titanium Matrix Composites.- 15.3 Carbon and Carbon-Carbon Composites.- 15.4 Ceramic Matrix Composites.- 15.5 Intermetallic Matrix Composites.- 16 Coatings for High Temperature Materials.- 16.1 Corrosion/Oxidation Resistant Coatings.- 16.2 Thermal Barrier coats.- References.