Morphology and Function in MRI

1 The Physical Basis of Magnetic Resonance Imaging.- 1.1 The Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Effect.- 1.2 Diffusion.- 1.3 Relaxation Mechanisms.- 1.4 Pulse Sequences.- 1.5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging.- References.- 2 Functional Aspects of the Cardiovascular System.- 2.1 Motion in the Cardiovascular System.- 2.2 Flow.- 2.3 Hemodynamics.- References.- 3 The Effects of Motion and Flow on Magnetic Resonance Imaging.- 3.1 Spin-Phase Phenomena.- 3.2 Slice Transition or “Time-of-Flight” Phenomena.- 3.3 MR Angiography.- 3.4 Pulsations of the Cerebrospinal Fluid Induced by Cardiac Motion.- 3.5 Image Artifacts Due to Physiologic Motion.- 3.6 The Recognition of Flow Phenomena in Clinical Practice.- References.- 4 Cardiac Morphology and Function in Magnetic Resonance Imaging.- 4.1 Special Imaging Techniques in the Cardiovascular System and Cardiovascular Imaging Strategy.- 4.2 Normal Cardiac Morphology and Function in MRI.- 4.3 Pathologic Cardiac Morphology and Function in MRI.- References.- 5 Vascular Morphology and Function in Magnetic Resonance Imaging.- 5.1 Normal Vascular Morphology and Function in MRI.- 5.2 Arterial Pathology.- 5.3 Venous Pathology.- 5.4 Arteriovenous Malformations and Fistulas.- 5.5 Summary.- References.- 6 Renal Morphology and Function in Magnetic Resonance Imaging.- 6.1 Renal Anatomy and Physiology Pertinent to MRI.- 6.2 Technical Considerations in Renal MRI.- 6.3 Normal Morphology and Function of the Kidneys in MRI.- 6.4 Pathologic Morphology and Function of the Kidneys in MRI.- References.- Appendices.- Appendix A: Taylor Series Expansions.- Appendix B: Vector Manipulations.- Appendix C: More About the Fourier Transformation.- Appendix D: Phase Calculations.- Abbreviations.