Frequency Standards and Metrology

I Opening Session.- New Looks at Old Ideas.- Frequency Metrology and the Fundamental Physical Constants.- Coherent Spectroscopy on a Single Atomic System at Rest in Free Space III.- II Use and Availability of the Frequency Reference.- Use and Availability of the Frequency Standards.- Advanced Applications of Frequency Standards.- In Search of the Best Clock — an Update.- Comparison of Primary Frequency Standards.- III Established Microwave Standards.- Established Microwave Frequency Standards.- A Point of View on the Accuracy Performances and on the Prospects of Improvement of Primary Cesium Beam Frequency Standards.- The Accuracy of Commercial Cesium Beam Frequency Standards.- Reproducibility of H Maser Standards.- Advances in the Theory of Gas-Cell Atomic Frequency Standards.- IV New Standards.- Presentation of the Session Entitled “New Standards”.- High Accuracy Spectroscopy of Stored Ions.- Mg Beam Frequency Standard.- V Cold H Masers.- to Cold Hydrogen Masers.- The Cold Hydrogen Maser.- Performance of the UBC Cryogenic Hydrogen Maser.- Quantum Scattering of Atomic Hydrogen from the Surface of Liquid Helium.- VI Optically Pumped Cesium.- Influence of Low Magnetic Field on Pumping Efficiency in an Optically Pumped Cesium Beam Resonator.- An Optically Pumped Primary Frequency Standard.- Design of an Optically Pumped Cs Laboratory Frequency Standard.- Preliminary Results and Some Considerations on Optically Pumped Cesium Beam Frequency Standard.- Experimental Results on an Optically Pumped Cs Frequency Standard.- Temperature Measurements of Laser Cooled Cesium Atoms.- VII Local Oscillators.- Local Oscillators — Introductory Remarks.- Stability of Frequency Locked Loops.- 1/f Noise in Oscillators: Theoretical and Experimental Progresses.- RF Local Oscillators for Future Frequency Standards.- Ultra-Stable Cavity-Stabilized Lasers with Subhertz Linewidth.- Low-Noise and Stable LO’s for Deep Space Applications.- VIII Frequency Synthesis.- Progress in Infrared Frequency Synthesis.- Coherent Frequency Measurements of the Hfs-Resolved Methane Line.- Phase-Locked Frequency Chains to 130 THz at NRC.- Direct Comparison of the Characteristics of Optical and Hydrogen Frequency Standards.- IX Near IR Frequency Standards.- The Physics of Optical Frequency Standards Using Saturation Methods.- Double-Mode He-Ne/CH4 Laser Stabilized by Methane Resonances with Relative Width of 10—11.- State-of-the-Art for High Accuracy Frequency Standards in the 28 THz Range Using Saturated Absorption Resonances of OsO4 and CO2.- X Solid State Lasers.- Solid State Lasers — Introduction.- Narrow-Linewidth Operation of Diode-Laser-Pumped Nonplanar Ring Oscillators.- Optical Stabilization of Semiconductor Lasers.- Frequency Stabilization of Highly Coherent AlGaAs Diode Lasers.- Frequency Control of Semiconductor Lasers.- XI Containment of Neutrals.- Recent Progress in the Control of the Motion of Atomic Beams by Laser Fields.- Atoms Laser-Cooled Below the Doppler-Cooling Limit.- High-Contrast, High-Resolution Single Recoil Component Ramsey Fringes in Ca.- Obtaining of Supernarrow Saturated Absorption Resonances on Cold Particles and Their Use for Optical Frequency Standards.- Laser Cooling in Calcium and Magnesium Atomic Beams.- XII Trapped Ions.- to the Session on Trapped Ions.- Hg+ Single Ion Spectroscopy.- Lifetime Measurements of Metastable States in Ions.- Nonlinear Effects in Trapped Three-Level Ions.- New Frequency Standards Based on Yb+.- Laser Spectroscopy of a Single Barium Ion Using “Shelving”.- Frequency Standards Utilizing Penning Traps.- XII. 1 General Physics.- The Interferometric Detection of Gravitational Waves — a Status Report.- Relativity, Pulsar Time, and Atomic Time.- Testing Spatial Isotropy Using Optically-Pumped 199Hg and 201Hg.- XII. 2 Quantum Physics.- Squeezed States, Interferometric Limits and Back-Action Evasion.- Mass Ratio Spectroscopy and the Proton’s Atomic Mass.- The Physics of Circular Atoms and the Measurement of the Rydberg Constant.- Determination of the Rydberg Constant by Doppler-Free Two-Photon Spectroscopy of Atomic Hydrogen Rydberg States.- XIII Poster Sessions.- The Primary Cesium Atomic Clocks of the PTB.- Metrological Parameters of the Primary Cesium Beam Frequency Standards in the National Time and Frequency Standard of the USSR.- Work on Cesium Standards at NRC.- Optical Pumping with Finite-Linewidth Lasers: Predictions for the Optically Pumped Cesium Beam Frequency Standard.- Work on Primary Cesium Beam Frequency Standard at CRL.- Improvement and Reevaluation of Chinese Primary Frequency Standard.- Preliminary Results on Small Optically Pumped Cesium Resonator.- Determining the Velocity Distribution in Cesium Beams from the Response to a Microwave Pulse.- Physical Problems Determining the Reliability of the Classical Microwave Frequency Standards.- Difference Frequency in Two Isotopes Atomic Beam Magnetic Resonance Apparatus as Candidate for Frequency Standard.- Studies and Developments of H-Masers at LHA.- Hydrogen Maser Auto-Tuning Systems.- Work on Hydrogen Maser.- Advanced Atomic Hydrogen Masers.- Recent Progress in Oscillating Compact Hydrogen Masers.- Shapes of Storage Bulbs for Hydrogen Masers for Maximum Filling Factor.- H Maser and Rb Work in Romania.- Collisions of Atoms in Microwave and Laser Fields.- Temperature of Mercury Ions Stored in an R. F. Cylindrical Trap.- A High Stability Oscillator Based on a Sapphire Loaded Superconducting Cavity Resonator.- Recent Scientific Results at the Istituto di Radioastronomia.- The Time and Frequency System at the Matera Space Geodesy Center.- Optical Pumping of Rubidium Vapor with Laser-Diodes: Application to Coherent Optical Communications.- Improvements in Short- and Long-Term Frequency Stabilities of Diode Laser Pumped Rubidium Atomic Clock.- Efficient Frequency Noise Reduction of GaA1As Laser Diodes by Negative Electronic Feedback.- Some Applications of Extended-Cavity Semiconductor Lasers.- Ultra-Narrow Linewidth of Optically Self-Locked Diode Lasers.- Manipulation of Metastable Helium with a LNA Laser.- Quantitative Study of Laser Cooling in a Penning Trap.- Laser Cooling and Resonant Transport of MG+ Ions in a Penning Trap.- Trapped Yb+ as a Potential Optical Frequency Standard.- Kinetic Energy and Spatial Distribution of Ion Clouds in Paul Traps.- Tuning Characteristic of 543 nm Internal Mirror He-Ne Laser for Frequency Stabilization.- Double-Mode CO2 Laser with Complex Resonator for Frequency Standards and Superhigh Resolution Spectroscopy.- Laser Frequency Measurement at NPL.- Saturation Spectroscopy with the NH3 Laser.- OsO4 Molecular Beam for High Accuracy Frequency Standard.- He-Ne Laser at 612 nm Stabilized to 127I2 Using FM Spectroscopy.- Frequency Stabilization of a 543. 5 nm Wavelength He-Ne Laser to an Iodine Absorption Line.- Measurement of Isotope Shift in Optical Transitions of Atomic Oxygen.- Selective Electron Attachment of SF6 Molecules in Collision with Xe(nf) Rydberg Atoms in a R. F. Quadrupole Trap and Correlative Effects on SF6? Ions Lifetime.- Closing Remarks.- List of Participants.- Index of Contributors.