Theoretical Geomorphology

1 Physical Geomorphology.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Development of Slopes.- 1.2.1 General Remarks.- 1.2.2 Quantitative Description of Slopes.- 1.2.3 Agents in Slope Formation.- 1.2.4 Patterns of Slope Development.- 1.2.5 Morphology of Mass Movements.- 1.3 Curved Lines in Geomorphology.- 1.3.1 General Remarks.- 1.3.2 The Length of Wiggly Lines.- 1.3.3 Spectrum of a Wiggly Line.- 1.3.4 Fractals.- 1.4 Fluvial Geomorphology.- 1.4.1 General Remarks.- 1.4.2 River Bed Processes.- 1.4.3 Total Material Transport.- 1.4.4 Sideways Erosion.- 1.4.5 Morphometry of Particles.- 1.4.6 Morphology of River Nets.- 1.5 Morphology of Landscape Systems.- 1.5.1 General Remarks.- 1.5.2 Principle of Antagonism.- 1.6 Aquatic Morphology.- 1.6.1 General Remarks.- 1.6.2 Aquatic Land Morphology.- 1.6.3 Shorelines and Coasts.- 1.6.4 Subaqueous Geomorphology.- 1.7 Glacial and Periglacial Morphology.- 1.7.1 Introduction.- 1.7.2 The Snow and Ice Cover.- 1.7.3 Geomorphological Effects of Glacier Motion.- 1.7.4 Glaciohydrological Effects.- 1.7.5 Ground Freezing Effects.- 1.8 Aeolian and Desert Morphology.- 1.8.1 Introduction.- 1.8.2 Occurrence of Effects Due to Wind.- 1.8.3 Further Specific Desert Features.- 1.8.4 Semidesert Features.- References Chapter I.- 2 Physical Background.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.1.1 General Remarks.- 2.1.2 Hydrodynamics of Viscous Fluids.- 2.1.3 Rheology of Solids.- 2.2 Dynamics of Flowing Water.- 2.2.1 Introduction.- 2.2.2 Theory of Turbulence.- 2.2.3 Stratified Flows.- 2.2.4 Underground Flow.- 2.3 Geocryology.- 2.3.1 Introduction.- 2.3.2 Physics of Snow.- 2.3.3 Physics of Ice.- 2.3.4 Physics of Frozen Ground.- 2.4 Physics of the Atmosphere.- 2.4.1 Introduction.- 2.4.2 Statics of the Atmosphere.- 2.4.3 Dynamics of the Atmosphere.- 2.5 Problems of Climate.- 2.5.1 The Notion of Climate.- 2.5.2 Climate Change: Evidence.- 2.5.3 Climate Change: Theory.- References Chapter 2.- 3 Mechanics of Slope Formation.- 3.1 Principles.- 3.2 Reduction of Rocks.- 3.2.1 Basic Statements.- 3.2.2 Chemical Weathering.- 3.2.3 Physical Rock Reduction Processes.- 3.2.4 Biological Effects.- 3.3 Spontaneous Mass Movements on Slopes.- 3.3.1 Taxonomy of Movements :.- 3.3.2 Rheology of Slope Materials.- 3.3.3 Stability of Slopes.- 3.3.4 Rapid Mass Movements on Slopes.- 3.3.5 Slow Spontaneous Mass Movements.- 3.4 External Transporting Agents.- 3.4.1 Basic Statements.- 3.4.2 Mud Flows...- 3.4.3 Debris Flows.- 3.4.4 Slope Development by Free Flow of Water.- 3.5 Mathematical Models of Denudation.- 3.5.1 Introduction.- 3.5.2 Slopes with a Rocky Core.- 3.5.3 Variations of Exposure.- 3.5.4 Nonuniformly Exposed Slopes.- 3.5.5 Endogenic Effects in Slope Development.- 3.5.6 Conclusion of Slope Theory.- References Chapter 3.- 4 Theory of River Action.- 4.1 General Remarks.- 4.2 Linear Flow in Open Channels.- 4.2.1 General Principles.- 4.2.2 Empirical Formulas.- 4.2.3 Turbulent Flow in Rigid Channels.- 4.2.4 Nonuniform Flow.- 4.3 Three-Dimensional Flow in Open Channels.- 4.3.1 The Problem.- 4.3.2 Hydraulics in River Bends.- 4.3.3 Hydraulics of Junctions.- 4.4 Forces of Fluids on Particles.- 4.4.1 General Remarks.- 4.4.2 Gravity Force: Settling Velocity.- 4.4.3 Scouring Force.- 4.4.4 Lifting Force.- 4.5 Sediment Transportation.- 4.5.1 General Remarks.- 4.5.2 Suspended Sediment Transportation.- 4.5.3 The Transportation of Bottom Sediment.- 4.5.4 Total Sediment Transport.- 4.6 Mutual Interaction of Bed, Flow, and Sediment Transport.- 4.6.1 General Remarks.- 4.6.2 Longitudinal Instabilities.- 4.6.3 Mechanics of the Formation of Sedimentary Structures.- 4.6.4 Regime Theory.- 4.6.5 River Bed Profiles.- 4.6.6 Particle Size Profiles.- 4.6.7 Scaling of River Bed Processes.- 4.7 Planar Aspects of River Flow.- 4.7.1 Introduction.- 4.7.2 Hydraulic Geometry Theory.- 4.7.3 Mechanistic Theories of Meandering.- 4.7.4 Stochastic Theory of Meander Formation.- 4.7.5 Experimental Investigations.- 4.7.6 Junctions and Braids.- 4.7.7 Geomorphological Effects of River Motion in Plains.- 4.8 Valley Formation.- 4.8.1 Requirements of a Physical Theory.- 4.8.2 Mountain Valleys.- 4.8.3 Influence of the Earth’s Rotation.- References Chapter 4.- 5 System Theory of Landscape Evolution.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Fundamental Principles of Landscape Evolution.- 5.2.1 General Remarks.- 5.2.2 Principle of Antagonism.- 5.2.3 Instability Principle.- 5.2.4 Catena Principle.- 5.2.5 Selection Principle.- 5.2.6 Principle of Tectonic Predesign.- 5.3 General System Theory.- 5.3.1 Introduction.- 5.3.2 Concept of a Geomorphic System.- 5.3.3 Equilibrium Theory.- 5.3.4 Nonequilibrium Theory.- 5.4 System Theory and Drainage Basins.- 5.4.1 General Remarks.- 5.4.2 Topological Aspects.- 5.4.3 Metric Aspects.- 5.4.4 Applications to Related Subjects.- 5.5 Simulations of Landscapes.- 5.5.1 General Remarks.- 5.5.2 The Stochastic Simulation of Landscapes.- 5.5.3 The Physical Simulation of Landscapes.- References Chapter 5.- 6 Theory of Aquatic Effects.- 6.1 General Remarks.- 6.2 Movements in Large Bodies of Water.- 6.2.1 Principles.- 6.2.2 Waves.- 6.2.3 Turbidity Currents.- 6.2.4 Tides.- 6.2.5 Ocean Currents.- 6.3 Aquatic Effects on Land.- 6.3.1 General Remarks.- 6.3.2 Theoretical Limnology.- 6.3.3 Theory of Solution and Deposition Effects.- 6.4 Theoretical Coastal Morphology.- 6.4.1 General Remarks.- 6.4.2 The Nearshore Circulation System.- 6.4.3 Theory of Beaches.- 6.4.4 Theory of Special Features on Shallow Coasts.- 6.4.5 Steep and Hard Rock Coasts.- 6.4.6 Large-Scale Features on Coasts.- 6.5 Dynamics of River Mouths.- 6.5.1 General Remarks.- 6.5.2 General Hydrodynamic Conditions in a River Mouth.- 6.5.3 River Estuaries.- 6.5.4 Theory of Delta Formation.- 6.5.5 Barred River Mouths.- 6.6 Theoretical Submarine Geomorphology.- 6.6.1 General Remarks.- 6.6.2 Shallow Regions.- 6.6.3 Submarine Slope Areas.- 6.6.4 Deep Sea Region.- References Chapter 6.- 7 Theory of Niveal, Glacial, and Periglacial Features ...- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Snow Problems.- 7.2.1 General Remarks.- 7.2.2 Snow as Material.- 7.2.3 Avalanches.- 7.3 Ice Problems.- 7.3.1 General Remarks.- 7.3.2 Mass Balance.- 7.3.3 Longitudinal Movement of Glaciers.- 7.3.4 Three-Dimensional Movement of Ice.- 7.3.5 Theory of Sea and Lake Ice.- 7.4 Theory of Glaciohydrological Effects.- 7.4.1 Introduction.- 7.4.2 Supraglacial Flow.- 7.4.3 Intraglacial and Subglacial Drainage.- 7.4.4 Periglacial Runoff.- 7.4.5 Glacial Lakes.- 7.5 Theory of Geocryological Features.- 7.5.1 Introduction.- 7.5.2 Periglacial Patterned Ground.- 7.5.3 Slope Processes: Rock Glaciers.- 7.5.4 Frost Heave Phenomena.- 7.5.5 Ice-Thrust Features.- References Chapter 7.- 8 Theory of Aeolian and Desert Features.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Theory of Aeolian Features.- 8.2.1 The Significance of Wind Action.- 8.2.2 The Physics of Sand Movement.- 8.2.3 Geomorphological Effects of Blown Sand.- 8.2.4 Physics of Dust Movement.- 8.2.5 Wind Transport of Volcanic Materials.- 8.3 Specific Desert Features.- 8.3.1 Introduction.- 8.3.2 Small-Scale Features.- 8.3.3 Island Mounts.- 8.4 Semidesert Features.- 8.4.1 Introduction.- 8.4.2 Intermittent Water Flows.- 8.4.3 Badlands.- References Chapter 8.