I. Introduction..- What is highland?.- The high altitude environment.- Principal highlands.- References.- II. The physical environment of the highlands..- Atmospheric pressure.- Air temperature.- Standard atmospheres.- Composition of the atmosphere.- Precipitable water.- Regimes of temperature and pressure.- Other properties.- Upper air.- References.- III. The radiation environment..- Solar energy outside the atmosphere.- Effect of the atmosphere.- Sunlight that reaches highlands directly.- Atmospheric attenuation of sunlight on a clear day.- The effect of haze.- Total direct radiation.- Indirect radiation.- Total radiation.- Limitations of calculations.- Conclusion.- References.- IV. Correcting boiling points..- Clausius-Clapeyron equation.- Germann charts.- Othmers modification.- Myers’ charts.- Duhrings rule.- Other methods.- Automatic methods.- References.- V. Compensating for chemical effects of the lower atmospheric pressure..- Simple model.- Practical correction of boiling time.- Arrhenius activation energy.- Heat of vaporization.- Discussion of the correction factor.- Amenable reactions.- Solutions under reflux.- Open boiling solutions.- The egg and other special cases.- Other ways to compensate for altitude.- References.- VI. Barometry..- The problem.- Standards of the WMO.- Mercury barometers.- Aneroid barometers.- Constructing a mercury barometer.- The contrabarometer.- Electronic devices.- The Hypsometer.- A ‘chemical’ method.- References.- VII. Psychrometry..- Alternatives to the Psychrometer.- References.- VIII. For the engineer..- Azeotropes.- Combustion.- More complex flames.- Engines.- Gravity.- References.- IX. The highlands in the space age..- Remote sensing of the environment.- Instruments for remote sensing.- Platforms for remote sensing.- Multispectral photography and radiometry.- Integrating several spectral bands.- Landsat false colour infrared image.- Photographs from space.- The landsat satellites.- Polar orbiting meteorological satellites.- Geosynchronous meteorological satellites.- Automatic picture transmission (APT).- Obtaining imagery from the EROS Data Center.- Independent ways of identifying Gemini, Apollo, Apollo-Soyuz, Skylab and Landsat Imagery.- Some comments.- References.- X. The vegetation of highlands..- Characters of highland plants.- Some typical highland plants.- i. Dicotyledons.- ii. Monocotyledons.- African mountains.- The Andes.- References.- XL The animal life of highlands..- Peculiarities of hypsobiont animals.- i. Temperature oriented animals.- ii. Pressure oriented animals.- iii. Some minor peculiarities.- Some typical hypsobiont animals.- i. Minor invertebrates.- ii. Arthropoda.- A. Crustacea.- B. Arachnida.- C. The myriapod complex.- D. Insects.- iii. Vertebrates.- Lowland animals at high altitude.- i. Aeolian derelicts.- ii. Summit-seeking species.- iii. Ecological significance.- References.- XII. Man in highland ecosystem: physiology of native highlanders..- The natives of highlands.- General physique.- Respiratory and cardiovascular systems.- Other peculiarities.- Conclusions.- References.- XIII. Man in highland ecosystem: effects of exposure to high altitude..- Hypoxia.- i. Hypoxia in lower animals.- ii. Hypoxia in man.- Respiratory changes.- Cardiovascular changes.- Changes in the blood.- Neurohormonal changes.- Metabolism, growth and reproduction.- Action of ionizing radiations.- Psychic effects.- References.- XIV. Man in highland ecosystem: human acclimatization to highland conditions..- Basic features.- Factors influencing acclimatization.- i. Individual factors.- ii. Previous experience of high altitude.- iii. The rate of ascent of high altitude.- iv. Altitude limits.- v. Duration of stay at high altitude.- vi. Activity at high altitude during acclimatization.- vii. Mountain constant.- Epilogue.- References.- XV. For the future..- The physical environment.- The electromagnetic radiation environment.- Corpuscular radiation.- Chemical effects.- For the engineer.- Biology.- Man in highlands.- References.
