On Integrating Unmanned Aircraft Systems into the National Airspace System

<p>1 Introduction.-  1.1 What’s in a name . . .UAV or UAS?.- 1.2 Motivation and Rationale.-  1.3 On Regulating Safety.-  1.4 Book Objectives and Outline.-  References.-  2 Aviation History and Unmanned Flight.-  2.1 Precursors of Flight and Unmanned Aircraft.-  2.2 1916–1944.-  2.3 The Machines of the Cold War.-  2.4 Modern Systems.-  2.5 Remarks.-  References.-  3 Current Manned Aviation Regulation.-  3.1 Introduction.-  3.2 Airworthiness Certification.-  3.2.1 Type Certificate.-  3.2.2 Standard Certificates.-  3.2.3 Special Certificates.-  3.3 Special Aircraft Categories.-  3.3.1 Vehicles.-  3.3.2 R/C Models.-  3.4 Pilot Certification.-  3.5 FAR Operation Rules.-  3.5.1 Flight Rules.-  3.5.2 Emergency Rules.-  3.5.3 Maintenance Requirements.-  3.6 Airspace Classes.-  3.7 Regulation Development Models.-  References.-  4 Unmanned Aircraft Systems Regulation.-  4.1 Introduction.-  4.2 International Civil Aviation Organization.-  4.3 United States.-  4.3.1 RTCA.-  4.3.2 ASTM.-  4.3.3 SAE.-  4.3.4 Current Certification Paths and Operational Guidelines.-  4.4 Europe.-  4.4.1 EASA.-  4.4.2 EUROCONTROL.-  4.4.3 EUROCAE.-  4.4.4 Other European Union Activities.-  4.4.5 National Activities.-  4.5 Australia.-  4.6 Canada.-  4.7 Japan.-  4.8 International UAS Associations.-  4.9 Light and Small UAS.-  4.9.1 United States.-  4.9.2 Europe.-  4.10 Military Regulations.-  4.10.1 United States.-  4.10.2 Europe.-  4.10.3 NATO.-  References.-  5 UAS Safety Assessment and Functional Requirements.-  5.1 Equivalent Level of Safety.-  5.1.1 Manned Aviation Requirements.-  5.1.2 Derivation of an ELOS for UAS.-  5.2 UAS Accident Types.-  5.3 Ground Impact Fatality Risk Modeling.-  5.3.1 Ground Impact ELOS.-  5.3.2 Exposure to Ground Impact Accidents.-  5.3.3 Probability of Fatality of Exposed Persons.-  5.3.4 Frequency of Ground Impact Accidents.-  5.4 Mid-air Collision Fatality Risk Modeling.-  5.4.1 Mid-air Collision ELOS.-  5.4.2 Exposure and Risk of Fatality.-  5.4.3 Conflicting Trajectory Expectation.-  5.4.4 Collision Probability.-  5.5 Model Choice.-  5.6 Translating an Accident TLS to System Reliability Requirements.-  5.7 Risk Mitigation.-  References 6 Case Studies ..-  References.-  7 Thoughts and Recommendations on a UAS Integration Roadmap.-  7.1 Regulation Development.- 7.1.1 Applications.-  7.1.2 Flight Characteristics.-  7.1.3 Sacrificability.-  7.1.4 Pilot Physically Removed from Cockpit.-  7.1.5 UAS as Systems.-  7.1.6 Take-off Weight.-  7.1.7 Passengers and Cargo.-  7.1.8 Payload ..-  7.1.9 Operational Security.-  7.2 Operational Risk Reference System.-  7.3 UAS Classification.-  7.3.1 Classification Based on Ground Impact Risk.-  7.3.2 Classification Based on Mid-air Collision Risk.-  7.3.3 Classification Based on Autonomy.-  7.3.4 Other Classifications.-  7.4 Certification Paths.-  7.5 Equipment Certification.-  7.6 Operator Training and Certification.-  7.7 Technology Issues.-  7.7.1 Collision Avoidance.-  7.7.2 Sensors.-  7.7.3 Communications.-  7.7.4 Power and Propulsion Systems.-  7.7.5 Launch, Recovery and Flight Termination Systems.-  7.8 Technology Testing and Evaluation.-  References.-  8 Epilogue.-  8.1 Why UAS?.-  8.2 UAS for Military Applications and Related Challenges.-  8.3 UAS for Civilian Applications: Challenges and Issues.-  8.4 Challenges, Enabling Technologies.-  8.5 The Road Ahead.-  References.-  Glossary.-  References.-  A Human Vulnerability.-  A.1 Injury Types and Severity.-  A.2 Vulnerability Modeling Considerations.-  A.3 Vulnerability Models.-  A.3.1 Vulnerability Thresholds.-  A.3.2 Log-normal Vulnerability Models.-  A.3.3 The Viscous Criterion (VC) and the Blunt Criterion (BC).-  A.3.4 Penetrating Injuries.-  References.-  B Ground fatality probability model sensitivity analysis.-  B.1 Background.-  B.2 Analysis.-  B.2.1 Kinetic Energy at Impact Results.-  B.2.2 Parameter a Results.-  B.2.3 Sheltering Factor Results.-  B.3 Discussion.-  References.-  C UAS Reference.-  Index.</p>