Social System Accounts

1. Behavior Settings as a Basis for Social System Accounts.- 1.1 Social system accounting: two problems and a proposed solution.- 1.2 The plan of the book.- 2. The Usefulness of Behavior Settings for Classifying and Describing Human Activities in a Community.- 2.1 The discovery of behavior settings.- 2.2 Behavior settings and the meaning of comprehensiveness in social system accounts.- 2.3 Behavior settings and the meaning of improvements in a self-contained community.- 2.4 Describing a hypothetical community in terms of behavior settings: preliminary conceptualization.- 2.5 Describing an actual community in terms of behavior settings, I: authority systems, occupancy times, and inhabitant-setting intersections.- 2.6 The importance of schools, churches, and voluntary associations in providing opportunities for leadership, service, and social participation.- 2.7 Town and trade area as a community: implications of relative completeness and closure for social system accounts.- 2.8 Describing an actual community in terms of behavior settings, II: genotypes, programs, action patterns, and behavior mechanisms.- 2.9 The significance of time-allocations among behavior settings and some comments on Barker’s terminology.- 3. Behavior Settings and Objective Social Indicators.- 3.1 The OECD List of Social Indicators.- 3.2 A framework for discussing the relationship of individual well-being to behavior settings, stocks of physical capital, and objective social indicators.- 3.3 The relevance of stocks of physical capital to behavior settings and individual well-being.- 3.4 The Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) estimates of stocks of physical capital and consumer durable goods in the United States, 1929–1979.- 3.5 OECD indicators relating aspects of the physical environment to individual well-being.- 3.6 Standard disaggregations of the OECD indicators as attributes of individuals and attributes of the environment.- 3.7 Comments on the remaining OECD indicators.- 3.8 Concluding remarks.- 4. The Classification of Behavior Settings in Social System Accounts.- 4.1 Interrelations between behavior setting genotypes and some other principles of classification.- 4.2 Should behavior settings be classified according to their profiles of ratings on action patterns and behavior mechanisms?.- 4.3 Should behavior settings be classified according to the age groups for which they are designed, the extent to which their performers are paid professionals, and/or the degree to which their amateur performers approach professional standards?.- 4.4 Barker’s criteria for deciding whether or not two behavior settings belong to the same genotype.- 4.5 Barker’s criteria for deciding whether or not two entities are components of a single behavior setting.- 4.6 Relationships between Barker’s categories and the Standard Industrial Classification.- 4.7 Some examples of SIC establishments picked up in Barker’s survey of Midwest and in economic censuses for the Des Moines SMSA.- 4.8 Further observations on behavior settings and the Standard Industrial Classification.- 5. The Classification of Roles in Social System Accounts.- 5.1 Roles in behavior settings and jobs in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles: relationships cited by Barker and his associates.- 5.2 Classifying occupations.- 5.3 Classifying unpaid roles.- 5.4 Behavior mechanisms in relation to role complexity and heaviness of work.- 5.5 Relations between DOT ratings of worker functions, DOT ratings of worker traits, and Census data on occupations and earnings.- 5.6 Roles and worker functions as attributes of the environment; worker traits as attributes of individuals.- 6. The Classification of Stocks of Physical Capital and Consumer Durables in Social System Accounts.- 6.1 Physical capital and OECD social indicators.- 6.2 The three OECD indicators of housing conditions: their relevance to the homes of Midwest.- 6.3 The OECD indicator of access to selected services: its relevance to the stores, schools, and service establishments of Midwest.- 6.4 The further implications of ‘access’ and of basic amenities: streets, sidewalks, water supply and sewage disposal systems, telephones and electric power.- 6.5 The OECD indicators of exposure to outdoor air pollutants and noise: their relevance to behavior settings and to defensive investments for pollution and noise control.- 6.6 Six OECD indicators and the residentiary environment of Midwest town.- 6.7 The OECD indicator of work environment nuisances.- 6.8 The OECD indicator of travel time to work.- 6.9 The larger community of Midwest: combined indicators and stocks of physical capital for town and trade area residents.- 6.10 The export base of the larger community of Midwest.- 6.11 Microcosm, U.S.A.: stocks of physical capital and consumer durables, 1929, 1954, and 1979.- 7. The Classification and Delineation of Communities and Regions in Social System Accounts.- 7.1 The classification of retail and wholesale trade centers.- 7.2 Classification of trade centers in the Des Moines BEA Economic Area.- 7.3 Trade center categories and the OECD social indicator of proximity to selected services.- 7.4 Social accounting matrices for successively larger communities and urban-centered regions.- 8. A Behavior Setting Approach to Microanalytical Simulation Models at the Community Level.- 8.1 Modeling the Barker community of Midwest.- 8.1.1 Modeling strategies.- 8.1.2 Data sources.- 8.2 Structural and causal hypotheses.- 8.2.1 Theory of manning.- 8.2.2 Behavior setting operation.- 8.2.3 Prototype settings.- 8.2.4 Causal relationships.- 8.3 Concluding comments.- 9. Some Broader Implications of Behavior Settings for the Social Sciences.- 9.1 Distinctive features of the behavior setting concept.- 9.2 Some relationships of behavior settings and eco-behavioral science to established disciplines.- 9.3 Barker on the need for an eco-behavioral science, 1969.- 9.4 Barker’s mature view of an eco-behavioral science, 1977.- 9.5 The relation between objective and subjective social indicators: Barker’s behavior settings and Lewin’s life space?.- 9.6 Potential uses of behavior setting concepts by social and economic historians.- 9.7 Potential uses of behavior setting concepts in social and economic development planning.- 9.8 Potential uses of behavior setting concepts in reconstructing and reinterpreting earlier community surveys.- 9.9 Uses of behavior setting concepts in various fields of mathematical social science.- 10. Social System Accounts Based on Behavior Settings: Some Next Steps.- 10.1 What would a system of social accounts based on behavior settings include?.- 10.2 Listing and classifying the outputs of a social system.- 10.3 Input-output relationships and social policies.- 10.4 Pseudo-prices, exchange rates, or ‘barter terms of trade’ between pairs of social system outputs.- 10.5 Possibilities for experimentation with social system accounts and models based on behavior settings by international agencies, by local governments, and by market and nonmarket organizations.- 10.6 Roger Barker’s contribution to social science: an appraisal and a dedication.- References.- Appendix I. Behavior Settings, Ecological Psychology, and Eco-Behavioral Science: Some Annotated References to the Basic Literature.- Appendix II. Selected Publications and Unpublished Manuscripts by Karl A. Fox and Associates Making Use of Behavior Setting Concepts.- Author Index.