Basic and Advanced Laboratory Techniques in Histopathology and Cytology

Fixation of histology samples.- Processing of tissue.- Embedding of tissue.- Decalcification of bone.- Tissue microtomy.- Frozen section of tissue: technique and applications.- Staining principle and general procedure of stain.- Haematoxylin and eosin stain.- Special stains for protein, lipid, carbohydrate, nucleic acid and pigments.- Stains for the connective tissue.- Stains for the amyloid.- Stains for the microbial organisms.- Cytology sample: procurement, fixation and processing.- Routine staining in cytology laboratory.- Fine needle aspiration biopsy technique.- Immunochemistry in histology and cytology:  principle, technique and applications.- Flow cytometry: principle, technique and applications.- Digital image analysis and virtual microscopy: principle, technique and applications.- Liquid based cytology and automated screening devices.- Polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing: principle, technique and applications.- Fluorescent in situ hybridisation techniques: principle, technique and applications.- Tissue microarray: technique and applications.- Sanger sequencing and next generation gene sequencing: basic principles and applications.- Light microscope: optical components, principle and handling.- Fluorescence microscope and confocal microscopy: basic parts and principle.- Laboratory organization and quality control.- Laboratory safety: essential precautions.