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Managing Building Deterioration

Prediction Model for Public Schools in Developing Countries

 Paperback Engels 2022 9789811658624
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Samenvatting

This book presents the results of a novel investigation into building deterioration and defects in Malaysia’s public schools. It sets forth an in-depth theoretical and empirical underpinning the maintenance management of public schools with the view to develop a building deterioration prediction model of building condition based on factors contributing to building defects for school buildings. The approach adopted is mixed method encompassing archived documentation, questionnaire survey and interview of sampled schools in Malaysia. It presents a number of useful tables, graphs and statistical analysis which are useful in understanding the factors contributing to building defects under reference. The prediction model assists the decision making of maintenance management to be more efficient with comprehensive budgeting as well as optimal maintenance and repair work. The book is of relevance to school managers, maintenance management practitioners and academics towards measuring and improving the building condition in schools.

Specificaties

ISBN13:9789811658624
Taal:Engels
Bindwijze:paperback
Uitgever:Springer Nature Singapore
Serie:Management in the Built Environment

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Inhoudsopgave

<div><br></div><div><div>Chapter 1 &nbsp; &nbsp;</div><div>Introduction &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</div><div>Abstract &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</div><div>1.1 Background 1</div><div>1.2 Problem Statement 2</div><div>1.3 Research Questions 4</div><div>1.4 Research Aims and Objectives 4</div><div>1.5 Rationale for the Study 4</div><div>1.6 The Area for Development 5</div><div>1.7 The Significant of the Study 6</div><div>1.8 Limitation and Scope of Study 7</div><div>1.9 Organization of Chapters 8</div><div>References &nbsp; &nbsp; 9</div><div>Chapter 2 13<br></div><div>An Overview ans Understanding the Building Deterioration 13</div><div>Abstract 13</div><div>2.1 Introduction 13</div><div>2.2 Overview on Defects and Maintenance Management 14</div><div>2.3 Building Stock in Malaysia 16</div><div>2.4 School Building in Malaysia 19</div><div> 2.4.1 Malaysian National Educational Systems 19</div><div> 2.4.2 Categories of Educational Institutions 20</div><div> 2.4.3 Conditions and Performance of School Buildings 21</div><div>2.5 Types of Building Defects 23</div><div>2.6 Common Building Defects and Possible Causes 24</div><div> 2.6.1&nbsp; &nbsp;Defects in Building 32</div><div> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;2.6.1.1&nbsp; &nbsp; Leakage 32</div> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;2.6.1.2&nbsp; &nbsp; Tilt / Crook 33</div><div> 2.6.1.3 &nbsp; &nbsp;Rust / Corrosion 33</div><div> 2.6.1.4 &nbsp; &nbsp;Spalling 34</div><div> 2.6.1.5 &nbsp; &nbsp;Peel off / Torn/Tattered / Ragged 35</div><div> 2.6.1.6 &nbsp; &nbsp;Mould / Fungi 36</div><div> 2.6.1.7 &nbsp; &nbsp;Decay 36</div><div> 2.6.1.8 &nbsp; &nbsp;Dampness 37</div><div> 2.6.1.9 &nbsp; &nbsp;Sagging 39</div><div> 2.6.1.10 Crack 39</div><div> 2.6.1.11 &nbsp; Clogged 40</div><div>2.7 Impact of Building Defects 41</div><div>References 41</div><div>Chapter 3 46</div><div>Factors Contributing to Building Defects 46</div><div>Abstract 46</div><div>3.1 Introduction 46</div><div>3.2 Defects Factors 46</div><div>3.3 Technical Factors 53</div><div> 3.3.1 Faulty Design 53</div><div> 3.3.2 Poor Detailing 54</div><div> 3.3.3 Faulty Drawing 54</div><div> 3.3.4 Not Complying with Specification 55</div><div> 3.3.5 Structural 55</div><div> 3.3.6 Poor Waterproofing 55</div><div> 3.3.7 Improper use of Material 56</div><div> 3.3.8 Lack of Maintenance 56</div><div> 3.3.9 Poor Construction 57</div><div> 3.3.10 Building Size 57</div><div> 3.3.11 Type of Building 58</div><div> 3.3.12 Building Orientation 58</div><div>3.4 Environmental Factor 59</div><div> 3.4.1 Insect Attack 59</div><div> 3.4.2 Biological Agent Attack 59</div><div> 3.4.3 Changes of Climatic Condition 60</div><div> 3.4.4 Poor Ventilation 60</div><div> 3.4.5 Reaction of Thermal Agent 61</div><div> 3.4.6 Excessive Moisture 61</div><div> 3.4.7 Reaction of Chemical Agent 61</div><div> 3.4.8 Soil Movement Impact 62</div><div>3.5 Human Factor 62</div><div> 3.5.1 Misuse by User 63</div><div> 3.5.2 Vandalism 63</div> 3.5.3 Wear and Tear 63<div> 3.5.4 Change of Usage 63</div><div> 3.5.5 Poor Workmanship 64</div><div> 3.5.6 Lack of Supervision 64</div> 3.5.7 Lack of Knowledge 65<div> 3.5.8 Poor Operation 65</div><div> 3.5.9 Lack of Cleaning 65</div><div>3.6 Selection of Independent Variables 65</div><div>References 66</div><div>Chapter 4 70</div><div>Building Condition Monitoring and Assessment 70</div><div>Abstract 70</div><div>4.1 Introduction 70</div><div>4.2 Building Condition Assessment Techniques 71</div><div>4.3 Condition Assessment Systems 72</div><div>4.4 Building Condition Rating Scale 72</div><div>4.5 The Practice of Building Condition Assessment 74</div><div> 4.5.1&nbsp; &nbsp;Dutch Building Condition Assessment Standard 74</div> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;4.5.1.1&nbsp; &nbsp;Condition Assessment Process 75<div> 4.5.2&nbsp; &nbsp;Queensland Building Condition Assessment Standard 76</div><div> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;4.5.2.1&nbsp; &nbsp;Condition Assessment Process 76</div><div> 4.5.3&nbsp; &nbsp;Royal Institute Chartered Surveyor (RICS) Standard 79</div><div> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;4.5.3.1&nbsp; &nbsp;Condition Assessment Process 79</div><div> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;4.5.3.2&nbsp; &nbsp;Condition Rating 80</div><div> 4.5.4&nbsp; &nbsp;Current Practices Condition Assessment in Malaysia 81</div><div>4.6 Building Condition Maintenance Assessment System (BCMAS) 81</div><div> 4.6.1&nbsp; &nbsp;Scope of Work 82</div><div> 4.6.2&nbsp; &nbsp;Methodology 83</div><div> 4.6.2.1 Desk Data Collection 83</div><div> 4.6.2.2 Logistic 83</div><div> 4.6.2.3 Checklist 83</div><div> 4.6.2.4 Data Analysis 84</div><div>4.7 Building Condition Assessment Rating Systems (BCARS) 84</div><div> 4.7.1&nbsp; &nbsp;Standardization 85</div> 4.7.2&nbsp; &nbsp;Development of BCARS 86<div> 4.7.3&nbsp; &nbsp;Piloting 87</div><div> 4.7.4&nbsp; &nbsp;Improvement and Approval 88</div><div> 4.7.5&nbsp; &nbsp;Method of Assessment 89</div><div> 4.7.5.1 Inspection Checklist 90</div><div> 4.7.5.2 Identifying the Defects 91</div><div> 4.7.5.3 Physical Condition Assessment 91</div><div> 4.7.5.4 Maintenance Priority Assessment 92</div><div> 4.7.5.5 Defects Score and Building Rating 93</div><div>4.8 Comparison between BCMAS and BCARS 95</div><div> 4.8.1&nbsp; &nbsp;Building Hierarchy Information 95</div><div> 4.8.2&nbsp; &nbsp;Rating Scale, Representation and Inspection 96</div><div> 4.8.3&nbsp; &nbsp;BCMAS Rating and BCARS Rating 97</div><div>References 99</div><div>Chapter 5 101</div><div>Research Methodology 101</div><div>Abstract 101</div><div>5.1 Introduction 101</div>5.2 Methodology of Research 101<div>5.3 The Research Process 102</div><div>5.4 Determine the Research Question 102</div><div> 5.4.1 Initial Idea 102</div><div> 5.4.2 Identifying the Problem Statement 102</div><div>5.5 Proposed of Mixed Method 106</div><div>5.6 Select Research Methodology 107</div><div> 5.6.1 Research Approach – Triangulation Design 107</div><div> 5.6.2 Population and Sampling 111</div><div> 5.6.2.1 Population 111</div><div> 5.6.2.2 Sampling Frame 111</div><div> 5.6.2.3 Sampling 112</div><div> 5.6.2.4 Sampling Size Determination 116</div><div>5.7 Data Collection 116</div><div> 5.7.1 Quantitative Method 116</div><div> 5.7.1.1 Condition Assessment 116</div><div> 5.7.1.2 Checklist/Form Consists of Building Component 116</div><div> 5.7.1.3 Identifying of Defects/Failures 117</div><div> 5.7.1.4 Assessment for Physical Condition 117</div><div> 5.7.1.5 Assessment for Maintenance Priority Action 118</div><div> 5.7.1.6 Defect Score – BCARS 119</div><div> 5.7.1.7 Condition Rating 119</div><div> 5.7.2 Qualitative Method –Semi structured Interview and&nbsp; Archived Document 120</div><div> 5.7.2.1 Archived Document 120</div><div> 5.7.2.2 Semi-Structured Interview 121</div><div>5.8 Analysis of Data 124</div><div> 5.8.1&nbsp; &nbsp;Quantitative Analysis 124</div><div> 5.8.1.1 Descriptive Statistic 124</div><div> i) Frequency Distribution 124</div><div> ii) Central Tendency 124</div><div> iii) Dispersion 125</div><div> 5.8.2 Normality Test 125</div><div> 5.8.3 Reliability Analysis 126</div><div> 5.8.4 Bi-Variate Analysis 126</div><div> 5.8.4.1 Spearman Rank-Order Correlation Techniques 127</div><div> 5.8.5 Regression Analysis 127</div><div> 5.8.6&nbsp; &nbsp;Qualitative Analysis 128</div><div> 5.8.7&nbsp; &nbsp;Content Analysis 129</div><div>5.9 Data Interpretation 130</div><div>5.10 Legitimation / validity and reliability 130</div><div>5.11 Conclusion 130</div><div>References &nbsp; &nbsp; 132</div><div>Chapter 6 &nbsp; &nbsp; 136&nbsp;</div><div>Analysis and Research Findings &nbsp; &nbsp; 136</div><div>Abstract &nbsp; &nbsp; 136</div><div>6.1 Introduction 136</div><div>6.2 Quantitative Analysis 137</div><div> 6.2.1 Descriptive Analysis Result 137</div><div> 6.2.1.1 Type of School 137</div><div> 6.2.1.2 The Number of School and Total Defects according to State 138</div><div> 6.2.1.3 Total Defects according to State 138</div><div> 6.2.1.4 Building Condition Rating according to States 139</div><div> 6.2.1.5 The Factors Contribute to the Building Defects 141</div><div> 6.2.1.6 Type of Defects 142</div>6.3 Reliability 144<div>6.4 Correlation Analysis 147</div><div> 6.4.1 To Establish a Significant Relationship Between Factors&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; and Building Condition 147</div><div> 6.4.1.1 Relationship of Lack of Maintenance to Building Condition 148</div><div> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;6.4.1.2 Relationship of Vandalism to Building Condition 149</div><div> 6.4.1.3 Relationship of Poor Waterproofing to Building&nbsp; Condition 150</div><div> 6.4.1.4 Relationship of Lack of Supervision to Building Condition 150</div> 6.4.1.5 Relationship of Lack of Cleaning to Building Condition 150<div> 6.4.1.6 Relationship of Misuse by User to Building Condition 151</div><div> 6.4.2 To Establish a Significant Relationship Between Factors and Building Condition 151</div><div>6.5 Regression Analysis 152</div><div>6.6 Qualitative Analysis 154</div><div> 6.6.1 Content Analysis 154</div><div> 6.6.2 Semi-Structured Interview Result 155</div><div> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 6.6.2.1 Interview Result to Ranking Analysis Result 157</div> i) Factor which have Strong Sinificant and affect the Overall Condition of the Building 158<div> ii) Factor which have Least Sinificant and affect the Overall Condition of the Building 161</div><div> iii) Factors which have Zero Variance to the Overall Condition of the Building 169</div><div> iv) Theoretical Framework 173</div><div> a) Independent Variables 173</div><div> b) Mediating Variables 176</div><div> c) Dependent Variables 177</div><div> v) The Use of Standard Buildin Condition Assessment in the Study 178</div><div>6.7 Discussion on Overall Finding 181</div><div> 6.7.1&nbsp; &nbsp; Validation of Ranking Analysis Results 181</div><div> 6.7.2&nbsp; &nbsp; Validation of Correlation Analysis Results 181</div><div> 6.7.3&nbsp; &nbsp; Validation of Theoretical Framework 182</div><div>References 185</div><div>Chapter 7 &nbsp; &nbsp; 188</div><div>Conclusion and Recommendations &nbsp; &nbsp; 188</div><div>Abstract &nbsp; &nbsp;188</div><div>7.1 Conclusion of the Study &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 188</div><div> 7.2.1&nbsp; &nbsp; Objective 1: To identify the factors contributing to the&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; building defects &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;188</div><div> 7.2.2 Objective 2: To investigate the condition of the public school&nbsp;</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; buildings through building condition assessment &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 189</div><div> 7.2.3 Objective 3: To establish critical factors contributing to the&nbsp;</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; school buildings defects and relationship to building condition &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 190</div><div> 7.2.4 Objective 4: To develop a building deterioration prediction&nbsp;</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; model (BDPM) based on building condition &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;191</div><div>7.3 Contribution to the Knowledge &nbsp; &nbsp; 192</div><div>7.4 Recommendation for Future Research &nbsp; &nbsp; 192</div><div><br></div>

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