Modelling Diesel Combustion

​1 IntroductionRole of Internal Combustion EnginesDevelopments in DI Diesel enginesModelling of combustion in DI diesel engines2 Phenomenology of diesel Combustion and modellingCombustion ModelEmission modelsTheme of the book3 ExperimentsStudies in a bombReal engine studies4 Turbulent Structure of the Diesel SprayVaporising sprayCombusting spraysSummary of the model for vapourising and combusting spraysModern view of the vaporising and burning spray5 Ignition Delay in a Diesel EngineDefinition and Measurement of Ignition DelayClassical model for Ignition Delay and its extension to other fuelsPhenomenological model of Ignition delay6 Heat Transfer7 Heat Release in Indirect Injection enginesDescription of the Phenomenological modelExperimental techniqueResults and discussions8 Mixing correlations for smoke and fuel consumption of Direct Injection enginesCharacteristic parameter for air fuel mixing in a cross flowValidation of the mixing parameterConclusion9 Heat Release in Direct Injection EnginesHeat Release Rate in Diesel EnginesModel for Mixing Controlled CombustionInput rate and dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy of fuel sprayModelling three Regimes of heat release rateSteps to calculate Heat Release Rate using the new modelExperimental ValidationHeat Release Rate from the ExperimentsEstimation of heat transfer across the wallsResults10 Prediction of the Rate of Heat Release of Mixing-Controlled Combustion in a Common-Rail Engine with Pilot and Post InjectionsAuthors: Anirudh Jaipuria (Formerly with Ashok Leyland, Chennai), P A Lakshminarayanan (Adjunct Professor, IIT Kanpur)IntroductionDescription of the ModelMCC modelModelling three regimes for a single injectionRefining the model in the second regimeModelling the pilot and main injectionsModelling the post-injectionExperimental ValidationCharacteristics of the common-rail injectorExperimental measurement of the ROHR and the effect of TDC determinationResults and DiscussionDiscussion on the model constantsSummary11 Hydrocarbons from D I Diesel EnginesHC modelPredicting HC in the exhaustDiscussions12 Hydrocarbon Emissions from Spark Ignition EnginesDescription of the Engine ModelComparison of the model prediction with engine experimentsConclusions13 Smoke from DI Diesel enginesPhenomenon of soot formationApplication to engine conditions14 Oxides of Nitrogen from Direct Injection Diesel EnginesExhaust gas recirculation (EGR)Phenomenology of Oxides of Nitrogen15 Particulate Matter from Direct Injection Diesel enginesIntroductionFormation of Particulate MatterDirect Measurement of PMComponents of Particulate Matter (PM)Sulphur in FuelOilHydrocarbon from Fuel and Lubricating OilFuelCarbon SootMeasurement of SmokeFilter Paper Method, Filter Smoke Number (FSN)Opacity meter, Opacity %Photo-acoustic sensingCorrelation of soot in PM, FSN, and OpacityCalculation of Total Particulate MatterPM ModelValidation of CorrelationExperimental ValidationDiscussionsResolution and Stability of New Generation Smoke metersThe sensitivity of Smoke metersCost-effective solution for developmentReliabilityMeasurement noiseFitConclusionsReferences
Definitions/Abbreviations16 Multi-dimensional modelling of diesel combustion: ReviewAuthors: Yu Shi, Rolf Reitz (University of Wisconsin)Basic approachTurbulence modellingSpray and evaporation modellingCombustion modellingPollutant emissions modellingHeat transfer modellingEfficient multi-dimensional simulation of diesel engine combustion with detailed chemistryCFD codes for engine simulationFuture and challenge17 Multi-dimensional modelling of diesel combustion: ApplicationsAuthors: Yu Shi, Rolf Reitz (University of Wisconsin)Case studies18 Large Eddy Simulation and Prediction of Heat Release, NOx and Soot in diesel and gasoline DI engines (Author: Dr Haiwen Ge) IntroductionWhy LES? How does LES compare with RANS and LES?Formulations of the LES models: equationsSpecific turbulent combustion model and spray models for LESExamplesExamples from literatureModel validationsIndustrial applicationsComputational costsFuture and challengesAppendicesI Estimation of products of combustion from the interferogramII Estimation of concentration of fuel vapour in the vapourising and combusting spray from the interferogramIII Estimation of Mass and Heat transfer functionsIV Vapour pressure of diesel and fuels A & B and B*V Calculation of tangential velocity of air in the piston cavity from the inlet swirl numberVI Momentum of useful air of the three different combustion cavities described in Kuo et al (1988)VII Momentum of useful air for engines A8, B8, C8 and D8VIII Estimation of spray properties and impingement parametersIX Calculation of fuel injection rateX Influence of nozzle featuresXI Henry’s Constant Hc for Fuel (n-Octane) in OilXII Evaluation of gF* and gG*XIII In-Cylinder Oxidation of HCXIV Estimation of Wall Surface TemperatureXV Experimental Data on HC emissions from DI Diesel EnginesXVI Engines list for validating PM model, aspiration, Power, smoke, and PM