Arduino Cookbook

Preface
Who This Book Is For
How This Book Is Organized
What Was Left Out
Code Style (About the Code)
Arduino Platform Release Notes
Notes on the Third Edition
Conventions Used in This Book
Using Code Examples
O’Reilly Online Learning
How to Contact Us
Acknowledgments for the Second Edition (Michael Margolis)
Acknowledgments for the Third Edition (Brian Jepson)

Getting Started
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Installing the Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
1.2 Setting Up the Arduino Board
1.3 Using the Integrated Development Environment to Prepare an Arduino Sketch
1.4 Uploading and Running the Blink Sketch
1.5 Creating and Saving a Sketch
1.6 An Easy First Arduino Project
1.7 Using Arduino with Boards Not Included in the Standard Distribution
1.8 Using a 32-Bit Arduino (or Compatible)

Arduino Programming
2.0 Introduction
2.1 A Typical Arduino Sketch
2.2 Using Simple Primitive Types (Variables)
2.3 Using Floating-Point Numbers
2.4 Working with Groups of Values
2.5 Using Arduino String Functionality
2.6 Using C Character Strings
2.7 Splitting Comma-Separated Text into Groups
2.8 Converting a Number to a String
2.9 Converting a String to a Number
2.10 Structuring Your Code into Functional Blocks
2.11 Returning More than One Value from a Function
2.12 Taking Actions Based on Conditions
2.13 Repeating a Sequence of Statements
2.14 Repeating Statements with a Counter
2.15 Breaking Out of Loops
2.16 Taking a Variety of Actions Based on a Single Variable
2.17 Comparing Character and Numeric Values
2.18 Comparing Strings
2.19 Performing Logical Comparisons
2.20 Performing Bitwise Operations
2.21 Combining Operations and Assignment

Mathematical Operations
3.0 Introduction
3.1 Adding, Subtracting, Multiplying, and Dividing
3.2 Incrementing and Decrementing Values
3.3 Finding the Remainder After Dividing Two Values
3.4 Determining the Absolute Value
3.5 Constraining a Number to a Range of Values
3.6 Finding the Minimum or Maximum of Some Values
3.7 Raising a Number to a Power
3.8 Taking the Square Root
3.9 Rounding Floating-Point Numbers Up and Down
3.10 Using Trigonometric Functions
3.11 Generating Random Numbers
3.12 Setting and Reading Bits
3.13 Shifting Bits
3.14 Extracting High and Low Bytes in an int or long
3.15 Forming an int or long from High and Low Bytes

Serial Communications
4.0 Introduction
4.1 Sending Information from Arduino to Your Computer
4.2 Sending Formatted Text and Numeric Data from Arduino
4.3 Receiving Serial Data in Arduino
4.4 Sending Multiple Text Fields from Arduino in a Single Message
4.5 Receiving Multiple Text Fields in a Single Message in Arduino
4.6 Sending Binary Data from Arduino
4.7 Receiving Binary Data from Arduino on a Computer
4.8 Sending Binary Values from Processing to Arduino
4.9 Sending the Values of Multiple Arduino Pins
4.10 Logging Arduino Data to a File on Your Computer
4.11 Sending Data to More than One Serial Device
4.12 Receiving Serial Data from More than One Serial Device
4.13 Using Arduino with the Raspberry Pi

Simple Digital and Analog Input
5.0 Introduction
5.1 Using a Switch
5.2 Using a Switch Without External Resistors
5.3 Reliably Detect (Debounce) When a Switch Is Pressed
5.4 Determining How Long a Switch Is Pressed
5.5 Reading a Keypad
5.6 Reading Analog Values
5.7 Changing the Range of Values
5.8 Reading More than Six Analog Inputs
5.9 Measuring Voltages Up to 5V
5.10 Responding to Changes in Voltage
5.11 Measuring Voltages More than 5V (Voltage Dividers)

Getting Input from Sensors
6.0 Introduction
6.1 You Want an Arduino with Many Built-in Sensors
6.2 Detecting Movement
6.3 Detecting Light
6.4 Detecting Motion of Living Things
6.5 Measuring Distance
6.6 Measuring Distance Precisely
6.7 Detecting Vibration
6.8 Detecting Sound
6.9 Measuring Temperature
6.10 Reading RFID (NFC) Tags
6.11 Tracking Rotary Movement
6.12 Tracking Rotary Movement in a Busy Sketch with Interrupts
6.13 Using a Mouse
6.14 Getting Location from a GPS
6.15 Detecting Rotation Using a Gyroscope
6.16 Detecting Direction
6.17 Reading Acceleration

Visual Output
7.0 Introduction
7.1 Connecting and Using LEDs
7.2 Adjusting the Brightness of an LED
7.3 Driving High-Power LEDs
7.4 Adjusting the Color of an LED
7.5 Controlling Lots of Color LEDs
7.6 Sequencing Multiple LEDs: Creating a Bar Graph
7.7 Sequencing Multiple LEDs: Making a Chase Sequence
7.8 Controlling an LED Matrix Using Multiplexing
7.9 Displaying Images on an LED Matrix
7.10 Controlling a Matrix of LEDs: Charlieplexing
7.11 Driving a 7-Segment LED Display
7.12 Driving Multidigit, 7-Segment LED Displays: Multiplexing
7.13 Driving Multidigit, 7-Segment LED Displays with the Fewest Pins
7.14 Controlling an Array of LEDs by Using MAX72xx Shift Registers
7.15 Increasing the Number of Analog Outputs Using PWM Extender Chips
7.16 Using an Analog Panel Meter as a Display

Physical Output
8.0 Introduction
8.1 Controlling Rotational Position with a Servo
8.2 Controlling Servo Rotation with a Potentiometer or Sensor
8.3 Controlling the Speed of Continuous Rotation Servos
8.4 Controlling Servos Using Computer Commands
8.5 Driving a Brushless Motor (Using a Hobby Speed Controller)
8.6 Controlling Solenoids and Relays
8.7 Making an Object Vibrate
8.8 Driving a Brushed Motor Using a Transistor
8.9 Controlling the Direction of a Brushed Motor with an H-Bridge
8.10 Controlling the Direction and Speed of a Brushed Motor with an H-Bridge
8.11 Using Sensors to Control the Direction and Speed of Brushed Motors
8.12 Driving a Bipolar Stepper Motor
8.13 Driving a Bipolar Stepper Motor (Using the EasyDriver Board)
8.14 Driving a Unipolar Stepper Motor with the ULN2003A Driver Chip

Audio Output
9.0 Introduction
9.1 Playing Tones
9.2 Playing a Simple Melody
9.3 Generating More than One Simultaneous Tone
9.4 Generating Audio Tones Without Interfering with PWM
9.5 Controlling MIDI
9.6 Making an Audio Synthesizer
9.7 Attain High-Quality Audio Synthesis

Remotely Controlling External Devices
10.0 Introduction
10.1 Responding to an Infrared Remote Control
10.2 Decoding Infrared Remote Control Signals
10.3 Imitating Remote Control Signals
10.4 Controlling a Digital Camera
10.5 Controlling AC Devices by Hacking a Remote-Controlled Switch

Using Displays
11.0 Introduction
11.1 Connecting and Using a Text LCD Display
11.2 Formatting Text
11.3 Turning the Cursor and Display On or Off
11.4 Scrolling Text
11.5 Displaying Special Symbols
11.6 Creating Custom Characters
11.7 Displaying Symbols Larger than a Single Character
11.8 Displaying Pixels Smaller than a Single Character
11.9 Selecting a Graphical LCD Display
11.10 Control a Full-Color LCD Display
11.11 Control a Monochrome OLED Display

Using Time and Dates
12.0 Introduction
12.1 Using millis to Determine Duration
12.2 Creating Pauses in Your Sketch
12.3 More Precisely Measuring the Duration of a Pulse
12.4 Using Arduino as a Clock
12.5 Creating an Alarm to Periodically Call a Function
12.6 Using a Real-Time Clock

Communicating Using I2C and SPI
13.0 Introduction
13.1 Connecting Multiple I2C Devices
13.2 Connecting Multiple SPI Devices
13.3 Working with an I2C Integrated Circuit
13.4 Increase I/O with an I2C Port Expander
13.5 Communicating Between Two or More Arduino Boards
13.6 Using the Wii Nunchuck Accelerometer

Simple Wireless Communication
14.0 Introduction
14.1 Sending Messages Using Low-Cost Wireless Modules
14.2 Connecting Arduino over a ZigBee or 802.15.4 Network
14.3 Sending a Message to a Particular XBee
14.4 Sending Sensor Data Between XBees
14.5 Activating an Actuator Connected to an XBee
14.6 Communicating with Classic Bluetooth Devices
14.7 Communicating with Bluetooth Low Energy Devices

WiFi and Ethernet
15.0 Introduction
15.1 Connecting to an Ethernet Network
15.2 Obtaining Your IP Address Automatically
15.3 Sending and Receiving Simple Messages (UDP)
15.4 Use an Arduino with Built-in WiFi
15.5 Connect to WiFi with Low-Cost Modules
15.6 Extracting Data from a Web Response
15.7 Requesting Data from a Web Server Using XML
15.8 Setting Up an Arduino to Be a Web Server
15.9 Handling Incoming Web Requests
15.10 Handling Incoming Requests for Specific Pages
15.11 Using HTML to Format Web Server Responses
15.12 Requesting Web Data Using Forms (POST)
15.13 Serving Web Pages Containing Large Amounts of Data
15.14 Sending Twitter Messages
15.15 Exchanging Data for the Internet of Things
15.16 Publishing Data to an MQTT Broker
15.17 Subscribing to Data on an MQTT Broker
15.18 Getting the Time from an Internet Time Server

Using, Modifying, and Creating Libraries
16.0 Introduction
16.1 Using the Built-in Libraries
16.2 Installing Third-Party Libraries
16.3 Modifying a Library
16.4 Creating Your Own Library
16.5 Creating a Library That Uses Other Libraries
16.6 Updating Third-Party Libraries for Arduino 1.0

Advanced Coding and Memory Handling
17.0 Introduction
17.1 Understanding the Arduino Build Process
17.2 Determining the Amount of Free and Used RAM
17.3 Storing and Retrieving Numeric Values in Program Memory
17.4 Storing and Retrieving Strings in Program Memory
17.5 Using #define and const Instead of Integers
17.6 Using Conditional Compilations

Using the Controller Chip Hardware
18.0 Introduction
18.1 Storing Data in Permanent EEPROM Memory
18.2 Take Action Automatically When a Pin State Changes
18.3 Perform Periodic Actions
18.4 Setting Timer Pulse Width and Duration
18.5 Creating a Pulse Generator
18.6 Changing a Timer’s PWM Frequency
18.7 Counting Pulses
18.8 Measuring Pulses More Accurately
18.9 Measuring Analog Values Quickly
18.10 Reducing Battery Drain
18.11 Setting Digital Pins Quickly
18.12 Uploading Sketches Using a Programmer
18.13 Replacing the Arduino Bootloader
18.14 Move the Mouse Cursor on a PC or Mac

Electronic Components
Capacitor
Diode
Integrated Circuit
Keypad
LED
Motor (DC)
Optocoupler
Photocell (Photoresistor)
Piezo
Pot (Potentiometer)
Relay
Resistor
Solenoid
Speaker
Stepper Motor
Switch
Transistor
See Also
Using Schematic Diagrams and Datasheets
How to Read a Datasheet
Choosing and Using Transistors for Switching
Building and Connecting the Circuit
Using a Breadboard
Connecting and Using External Power Supplies and Batteries
Using Capacitors for Decoupling
Using Snubber Diodes with Inductive Loads
Working with AC Line Voltages
Tips on Troubleshooting Software Problems
Code That Won’t Compile
Code That Compiles but Does Not Work as Expected
Tips on Troubleshooting Hardware Problems
Still Stuck?
Digital and Analog Pins
ASCII and Extended Character Sets

Index