Hydrogen Projects

I. Introduction 7
1. The background 7
2. What do we mean when we talk about hydrogen? 11
3. Challenges and opportunities 14
3.1 Transport 14
3.2 Industrial processes 15
3.3 Heating and cooling 15
4. Hydrogen and net zero 16

II. Stakeholders 17
1. Introduction 17
2. Government and international cooperation 18
3. Government at a national level 21
4. Sector regulator 23
5. Producers 26
5.1 Green hydrogen 26
5.2 Blue hydrogen 27
6. Consumers 27

7. Finance and insurance 29
III. Production 33
1. Types of hydrogen 33
2. Regulation 37

IV. Transportation and storage 39
1. Introduction 39
2. Health and safety issues 41
3. Consents and land rights 43
4. International transportation 44
5. Issues and opportunities 46

V. Applications 49
1. Industrial processes 49
1.1 Introduction 49
1.2 Development of hydrogen industrial clusters 50
1.3 Health and safety (and technical) issues 51
1.4 Consent issues 52
1.5 Contractual structures and revenu considerations 53
2. Heating and cooling 54
2.1 Introduction 54
2.2 Customer-facing issues 55
2.3 Safety and appliance standards 56
2.4 Modification of existing infrastructure 58
2.5 Offtake and price control considerations 58
3. Transport 59
3.1 Introduction 59
3.2 Road transport 60
3.3 Fuelling with hydrogen 63
3.4 National and regional initiatives to promote hydrogen-powered vehicles 65
3.5 Rail transport 66
3.6 Marine transport 66
3.7 Aviation 68
3.8 Legal challenges and opportunities 68
4. Energy system management 72
4.1 Introduction 72
4.2 Traceability of low-carbon hydrogen 77

VI. M&A and financing issues in hydrogen projects 81
1. Introduction 81
2. Key structures 82
3. Key terms and requirements for investment 83
4. Project company-based joint venture approach 83
5. Project financing 85
6. Leasing model of financing 87
7. Opportunities and obstacles for investors and financiers 88
8. The cost barrier 89
9. Getting supply to meet demand 91

VII. Conclusion 97

Notes 101
About the author 109
About Globe Law and Business 111