Over Pieter Cannoot
Pieter Cannoot is a postdoctoral researcher at ConstitUGent and the Human Rights Centre of Ghent University. Since September 2020, he is a visiting professor of genders, sexualities and law at the University of Antwerp.
Pieter Cannoot
Pieter Cannoot is a postdoctoral researcher at ConstitUGent and the Human Rights Centre of Ghent University.
Meer over Pieter CannootE-book
Pieter Cannoot
The Right to Personal Autonomy Regarding Sex, Gender and Sexual Orientation
The Case of Belgium
E-book Pdf met watermerkbeveiliging Engels 2022 1e druk 9789051899634Direct te downloaden
Samenvatting
In recent years, the fundamental rights of LGBTIQ+ persons have received increased legal attention at the international and national level. Considerable legal progress has been made in a short period of time, even though at the same time a divergent trend is occurring in several countries around the world.
The Right to Personal Autonomy Regarding Sex, Gender and Sexual Orientation investigates whether a legal framework based on (the recognition of a right to) personal autonomy regarding sex (characteristics), gender (identity/expression) and sexual orientation could still enhance the legal status of LGBTIQ+ persons. To this end, it makes use of the Belgian legal order as an illustration of a Western national legal system that is responsive to human rights claims of sexual minorities, but remains anchored in heteronormative stereotypes.
The author not only addresses the question to what extent the present legal framework recognises, protects and fulfils the rights of sexual minorities, but also how potential gaps in legal protection could be tackled. Specific attention is given to the role and value of the constitutional entrenchment of a right to personal autonomy over one’s sexual identity in advancing the inclusion of LGBTIQ+ persons in law.
‘This book offers a significant contribution to the current debate about LGBTIQ+ rights. It explores the legal status of LGBTIQ+ people, and points out remaining gaps and ambivalences. Perhaps the most valuable argument this book puts forward is its analysis that LGBTIQ+ rights are important not only to a minority but to society as a whole.’ - From the foreword by Petra De Sutter, Belgian Deputy Prime Minister
Trefwoorden
lgbtiq+ rechten persoonlijke autonomie constitutioneel recht belgisch recht geslachtsidentiteit seksuele oriëntatie mensenrechten discriminatie transgenderrechten juridische bescherming europees recht gelijke behandeling inclusie seksuele minderheden wetgeving juridische analyse heteronormativiteit grondwet
Trefwoorden
Lezersrecensies
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Inhoudsopgave
Chapter I. Introduction 1
1 Setting the Stage: Researching the Legal Status of LGBTIQ+ Persons in Belgium 1
A The Social and Legal Position of LGB+ Persons in Belgium 4
B The Social and Legal Position of Transgender Persons in Belgium 5
C The Social and Legal Position of Persons with Variations of Sex
Characteristics in Belgium 7
2 Objectives and Limits 8
A Objectives and General Design 8
B Focus on Sexual Minorities 9
3 Methodology 9
A Belgium as Illustration of a Stereotyped Legal System 10
B Qualitative Literature Study 11
I Cross-Disciplinary Literature Review 11
II Legal Literature Review 12
C Analytic Tools: Personal Autonomy and Inclusiveness 15
I Personal Autonomy 15
II Inclusiveness 23
D Methodological Challenges 25
I Shifting and ‘Emerging’ Human Rights
Standards 25
II Terminology 25
4 Structure of the Book 26
Chapter II. Terminology and Framework 29
1 Sex (characteristics), Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity/Expression 31
A Sex – Intersex/DSD – Variations of Sex Characteristics 31
I Sex 31
II Intersex/DSD/Variations of Sex
Characteristics – Binary Normativity 34
B Sexual Orientation – Heteronormativity 48
I Sexual Orientation 48
II Heteronormativity 50
C Gender (Identity) – Gender Expression – Cisnormativity 55
I Transgender/Trans/Trans* 59
II Cisgender 67
D Conflation between Sex, Sexual Orientation and Gender (Identity) 67
2 LGBTIQ+ 71
Chapter III. The Legal Status of Persons with Variations of Sex Characteristics 75
1 Sex-Assigning/Normalizing Treatment of Persons with Variations of
Sex Characteristics 77
A Informed Consent to Medical Treatment in Belgian Law 80
I Minor Patients’ Rights 81
B Evaluation of the Belgian Legal Framework 89
I Informed Consent to Sex-Assigning/Normalizing Treatment and Personal Autonomy 91
II International and European Calls for Ban on Non-Consensual Sex-Assigning/Normalizing Treatment 112
III Malta, Portugal and Germany: Legislative Alternatives 119
C Conclusion 125
I Future Legislation 128
II Impact on Official Sex Registration 131
2 Official Registration of Sex 133
A The Belgian Civil Code 135
I Official Sex Registration at Birth 135
II Correction/Change of Sex Registration 138
B Evaluation of the Belgian Official Sex Registration 141
I General Characteristics of the Belgian Official Sex Registration 142
II Medical Registration of Sex 150
III Binary Sex Normativity 153
C Conclusion 160
Chapter IV. The Legal Status of Transgender Persons 163
1 The Legal Recognition of Gender (Identity) 168
A Sex/Gender Registration in Belgian Law 170
I Sex/Gender Registration at Birth 170
II The 2007 Act on Transsexuality 170
III The 2017 Gender Recognition Act 173
B Evaluation of the Belgian Gender Registration Framework 178
I The Right to (Legal Recognition of) Gender(Identity) and Personal Autonomy 179
II Depathologization of Transgender Persons 187
III Cisnormativity –Conflation Between Sex and Gender (Identity) 211
IV Binary Normativity 222
2 Rationale, Pertinence and Proportionality of Gender (Identity) Registration 230
A Identification on the Basis of Registered Gender (Identity) 231
B Other Government Processes Based on Registered Gender (Identity) 233
I Public Registration of Gender (Identity) 234
II Compulsory Registration of Gender (Identity) 234
III The Need for ‘Interim Measures’ 236
IV Summary 238
3 Conclusion 240
Chapter V. The Right to Personal Autonomy Regarding Sex (Characteristics),
Gender (Identity and/or Expression) and Sexual Orientation 245
1 The Role of Constitutional Fundamental Rights 246
A The Role of Fundamental Rights 246
I The Importance of Fundamental Rights 246
II Criteria for Creating New Fundamental Rights 248
B The Role of Constitutions and Constitutional Rights 262
I Symbolism 263
II Pragmatism 266
2 Why a Right to Autonomy? 274
A The Emancipatory Function of Autonomy 274
B Autonomy vs. Equality 276
3 Formulation and Scope of the Right to Personal Autonomy Regarding Sexual Identity 280
A Material Scope 281
I Continued Legal Relevance of Sexual
Orientation 282
II Heteronormativity – Homonormativity 283
B Absolute vs. Relative Right 287
C The State’s Negative Obligations 290
D The State’s Positive Obligations 296
E Personal Scope 301
I (Inclusive) Universality of Human Rights 301
II Application to (Cisgender) Women and Feminist Critiques 302
4 Conclusion 307
Chapter VI. General Conclusion 309
1 Conclusions of the Research 310
A The Necessity of aCorrectConceptual Understanding of Sexual Identity 310
B The Belgian Legal System Fails to Fully Protect the Right to
Personal Autonomy of Persons with Variations of Sex Characteristics 312
I Sex-Assigning/Normalizing Treatment of Persons with Variations of Sex Characteristics 312
II Official Sex Registration 313
C The Belgian Legal System Fails to Fully Protect the Right to Personal Autonomy of Transgender Persons 314
D TowardstheConstitutional Protection of the Right to Personal Autonomy Regarding Sex (Characteristics), Gender (Identity/ Expression) and Sexual Orientation 316
2 Suggestion for Further Research 317
Bibliography 319
1 Setting the Stage: Researching the Legal Status of LGBTIQ+ Persons in Belgium 1
A The Social and Legal Position of LGB+ Persons in Belgium 4
B The Social and Legal Position of Transgender Persons in Belgium 5
C The Social and Legal Position of Persons with Variations of Sex
Characteristics in Belgium 7
2 Objectives and Limits 8
A Objectives and General Design 8
B Focus on Sexual Minorities 9
3 Methodology 9
A Belgium as Illustration of a Stereotyped Legal System 10
B Qualitative Literature Study 11
I Cross-Disciplinary Literature Review 11
II Legal Literature Review 12
C Analytic Tools: Personal Autonomy and Inclusiveness 15
I Personal Autonomy 15
II Inclusiveness 23
D Methodological Challenges 25
I Shifting and ‘Emerging’ Human Rights
Standards 25
II Terminology 25
4 Structure of the Book 26
Chapter II. Terminology and Framework 29
1 Sex (characteristics), Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity/Expression 31
A Sex – Intersex/DSD – Variations of Sex Characteristics 31
I Sex 31
II Intersex/DSD/Variations of Sex
Characteristics – Binary Normativity 34
B Sexual Orientation – Heteronormativity 48
I Sexual Orientation 48
II Heteronormativity 50
C Gender (Identity) – Gender Expression – Cisnormativity 55
I Transgender/Trans/Trans* 59
II Cisgender 67
D Conflation between Sex, Sexual Orientation and Gender (Identity) 67
2 LGBTIQ+ 71
Chapter III. The Legal Status of Persons with Variations of Sex Characteristics 75
1 Sex-Assigning/Normalizing Treatment of Persons with Variations of
Sex Characteristics 77
A Informed Consent to Medical Treatment in Belgian Law 80
I Minor Patients’ Rights 81
B Evaluation of the Belgian Legal Framework 89
I Informed Consent to Sex-Assigning/Normalizing Treatment and Personal Autonomy 91
II International and European Calls for Ban on Non-Consensual Sex-Assigning/Normalizing Treatment 112
III Malta, Portugal and Germany: Legislative Alternatives 119
C Conclusion 125
I Future Legislation 128
II Impact on Official Sex Registration 131
2 Official Registration of Sex 133
A The Belgian Civil Code 135
I Official Sex Registration at Birth 135
II Correction/Change of Sex Registration 138
B Evaluation of the Belgian Official Sex Registration 141
I General Characteristics of the Belgian Official Sex Registration 142
II Medical Registration of Sex 150
III Binary Sex Normativity 153
C Conclusion 160
Chapter IV. The Legal Status of Transgender Persons 163
1 The Legal Recognition of Gender (Identity) 168
A Sex/Gender Registration in Belgian Law 170
I Sex/Gender Registration at Birth 170
II The 2007 Act on Transsexuality 170
III The 2017 Gender Recognition Act 173
B Evaluation of the Belgian Gender Registration Framework 178
I The Right to (Legal Recognition of) Gender(Identity) and Personal Autonomy 179
II Depathologization of Transgender Persons 187
III Cisnormativity –Conflation Between Sex and Gender (Identity) 211
IV Binary Normativity 222
2 Rationale, Pertinence and Proportionality of Gender (Identity) Registration 230
A Identification on the Basis of Registered Gender (Identity) 231
B Other Government Processes Based on Registered Gender (Identity) 233
I Public Registration of Gender (Identity) 234
II Compulsory Registration of Gender (Identity) 234
III The Need for ‘Interim Measures’ 236
IV Summary 238
3 Conclusion 240
Chapter V. The Right to Personal Autonomy Regarding Sex (Characteristics),
Gender (Identity and/or Expression) and Sexual Orientation 245
1 The Role of Constitutional Fundamental Rights 246
A The Role of Fundamental Rights 246
I The Importance of Fundamental Rights 246
II Criteria for Creating New Fundamental Rights 248
B The Role of Constitutions and Constitutional Rights 262
I Symbolism 263
II Pragmatism 266
2 Why a Right to Autonomy? 274
A The Emancipatory Function of Autonomy 274
B Autonomy vs. Equality 276
3 Formulation and Scope of the Right to Personal Autonomy Regarding Sexual Identity 280
A Material Scope 281
I Continued Legal Relevance of Sexual
Orientation 282
II Heteronormativity – Homonormativity 283
B Absolute vs. Relative Right 287
C The State’s Negative Obligations 290
D The State’s Positive Obligations 296
E Personal Scope 301
I (Inclusive) Universality of Human Rights 301
II Application to (Cisgender) Women and Feminist Critiques 302
4 Conclusion 307
Chapter VI. General Conclusion 309
1 Conclusions of the Research 310
A The Necessity of aCorrectConceptual Understanding of Sexual Identity 310
B The Belgian Legal System Fails to Fully Protect the Right to
Personal Autonomy of Persons with Variations of Sex Characteristics 312
I Sex-Assigning/Normalizing Treatment of Persons with Variations of Sex Characteristics 312
II Official Sex Registration 313
C The Belgian Legal System Fails to Fully Protect the Right to Personal Autonomy of Transgender Persons 314
D TowardstheConstitutional Protection of the Right to Personal Autonomy Regarding Sex (Characteristics), Gender (Identity/ Expression) and Sexual Orientation 316
2 Suggestion for Further Research 317
Bibliography 319
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