Turkey's 'Self' and 'Other' Definitions in the course of the EU Accession Process

Acknowledgements 7
Abbreviations 9

1 Socialization or Estrangement within the Framework of Turkey-EU Relations 11
1.1 International Institutions and Identity Change 11
1.2 Understanding Turkey’s Socialization 14
1.3 Discourse and Discourse Analysis 21
1.4 Case Selection: Three Different Time Periods in Turkey-EU Relations 26
1.5 Data Selection 29
1.6 Outline of the Book 34

2 The Concept of Socialization and Identity Change 37
2.1 The Concept of Socialization 37
2.2 The Socialization Process and Social Identity 42
2.3 Social Identity and National Identity 43
2.4 The Content of National Identity 46
2.5 Turkey’s National Identity 48

3 New Phase in Turkey-EU Relations 57
Opening the Door to Europeanness
3.1 The EU’s Reluctant Interactions with Turkey 59
3.2 The Customs Union: The Opening or Closing of the Door to Europe? 64
3.3 The Luxembourg Summit: A Great Shock for Turkey 76
3.4 Silent Years until Helsinki 88
3.5 Conclusion 98

4 The Helsinki Summit 101
The Recognition of (Muslim) Turkey’s Europeanness
4.1 The Helsinki Summit: A Breath of Fresh Air for Turkey-EU
Relations, the Cyprus issue, and the Kurdish Issue 105
4.2 The Elections, the New Turkey, and the New EU Approach 121
4.3 The Atmosphere before the Copenhagen Summit 128
4.4 The Copenhagen Summit 2002: New Hope for Turkey 136
4.5 Debates on the Identity and Europeanness of Turkey 144
4.6 Conclusion 152

5 Start of Negotiations, End of Negotiations 155
5.1 Interactions with the EU and the Identity Issue 165
5.2 Slowdown of Turkey-EU Relations 171
5.3 The EU as a Threat to Turkey’s Territorial Integrity 175
5.4 Is Turkey Finding a New Direction? 179
5.5 Conclusion 186

6 New Area, New Identity, New Roles 189
Turkey – European or Middle Eastern?

7 Results and Implications 201
7.1 Turkey-EU Relations and Turkey’s Socialization 201
7.2 Overview of the Case Studies 203
Bibliography 209
Index 233